The Qur’an
Arabic text from the Tanzil project (Uthmani script, reading of Hafs, Kufan numbering). The translations of the meaning are made by the site.
The Bible
- French: Louis Segond, 1910.
- English: King James Version.
- Arabic: Van Dyck.
Public domain texts, from ebible.org. The Psalms follow the numbering of each edition.
The hadiths
The collections of al-Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, al-Tirmidhi and al-Nasa’i, cited with the numbering of sunnah.com; for Muslim, that of Muhammad Fu’ad Abd al-Baqi, with the letter of the version cited. Each page links to every hadith it cites.
Al-Tirmidhi (d. 279 AH), al-Shama’il al-Muhammadiyya, cited with the numbering of sunnah.com. For the judgments on the hadiths of the collections, the site follows those given by sunnah.com and, for the Shama’il, al-Albani, Mukhtasar al-Shama’il al-Muhammadiyya, al-Maktaba al-Islamiyya, Amman (Shamela 700).
The life of the Prophet ﷺ and history
Cited by volume and page of the printed edition.
- Ibn Hisham (d. 213 AH), al-Sira al-nabawiyya, the recension of the Sira of Ibn Ishaq, ed. Mustafa al-Saqqa, Ibrahim al-Abyari and Abd al-Hafiz Shalabi, al-Babi al-Halabi, Cairo, 2nd ed., 1955 (Shamela 23833).
- Ibn Sayyid al-Nas (d. 734 AH), Uyun al-athar, Dar al-Qalam, Beirut, 1993 (Shamela 23653).
- Ibn Kathir (d. 774 AH):
- al-Sira al-nabawiyya, ed. Mustafa Abd al-Wahid, Dar al-Ma’rifa, Beirut, 1976 (Shamela 930);
- Mu’jizat al-Nabi ﷺ, extracted from al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya, ed. al-Sayyid Ibrahim Amin Muhammad, al-Maktaba al-Tawfiqiyya, Cairo (Shamela 23678);
- al-Nihaya fi l-fitan wa-l-malahim, ed. Muhammad Ahmad Abd al-Aziz, Dar al-Jil, Beirut, 1988 (Shamela 11818);
- al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya, ed. Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Muhsin al-Turki, Dar Hajr, 1997-2003 (Shamela 4445).
- Al-Salihi al-Shami (d. 942 AH), Subul al-huda wa-l-rashad, ed. Adil Abd al-Mawjud and Ali Mu’awwad, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, Beirut, 1993 (Shamela 1693).
- Ibn Taghribirdi (d. 874 AH), al-Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa-l-Qahira, Wizarat al-Thaqafa wa-l-Irshad al-Qawmi, Cairo.
The commentators
- Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852 AH), Fath al-Bari sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, Dar al-Ma’rifa, Beirut, 1379 AH (Shamela 1673).
- Abu al-Abbas al-Qurtubi (d. 656 AH), al-Mufhim li-ma ashkala min talkhis kitab Muslim, Dar Ibn Kathir and Dar al-Kalim al-Tayyib, Damascus and Beirut, 1996.
- Al-Nawawi (d. 676 AH), al-Minhaj sharh Sahih Muslim, Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-Arabi, Beirut, 2nd ed., 1392 AH (Shamela 1711).
The digital text of these editions comes from the OpenITI corpus, which keeps their printed pagination.
Modern authors
Their books are under copyright: the site summarises them and refers to their pages.
- Sami Ameri, al-Bishara bi-nabi al-islam fi kutub al-yahud wa-l-nasara, Takween, 2nd ed., 2021.
- Munqidh al-Saqqar, Hal bashshara al-Kitab al-Muqaddas bi-Muhammad ﷺ?, al-Huda wa-l-Nur series, 5, 2023.
- Ali J. Ataie, Finding Muhammad in the New Testament, master’s thesis, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, 2011; and his lecture on Qur’an 7:157-158.
- Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Hasani al-Nadwi (d. 1420 AH), al-Sira al-nabawiyya, ed. Sayyid Abd al-Majid al-Ghawri, Dar Ibn Kathir, Damascus and Beirut, 12th ed., 2004 (Shamela 9914).
Modern data
Present-day figures (World Bank, United Nations, USGS, Pew Research Center, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat) are given on the pages that cite them, with their link and the date they were consulted.
Sources for this page
The editions above; the site’s research files, from which each page is drawn.